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Wila (lichen)
Wila (''Bryoria fremontii'') is a dark brown, hair-like lichen that grows hanging from trees in western North America, and northern Europe and Asia. Wila grows abundantly in some areas, and is an important traditional food for many First Nations in North America.
==Name==
Wila is currently classified as ''Bryoria fremontii'',〔Brodo, I. M. and D. L. Hawksworth. 1977. ''Alectoria'' and allied genera in North America. Opera Botanica 42: 1-164.〕 although it is often still identified by the outdated classification of ''Alectoria jubata''. Several different English names have been recently invented for wila, including black moss, black tree lichen,〔Turner, N. J. 1977. Economic importance of black tree lichen (''Bryoria fremontii'') to the Indians of western North America. Economic Botany 31: 461-470.〕 and edible horsehair lichen,〔Brodo, I. M., S. D. Sharnoff and S. Sharnoff. 2001. ''Lichens of North America''. New Haven, Yale University Press.〕 but none of these names are in common usage. There are traditional names for this lichen in at least 20 different indigenous languages in North America. Wila (wee-la) is the Secwepemctsin name for the lichen, and has been adopted in some publications〔Crawford, S. 2007. Ethnolichenology of ''Bryoria fremontii'': Wisdon of elders, population evology, and nutritional chemistry. M.Sc. thesis, Interdisciplinary Studies: University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.〕 as an appropriate common name for general use. The Nez Perce name is ''hóopop'' and the Sahaptin name is ''k'ʷɨnč''.
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